When hormonal imbalances, structural conditions or other abnormal events occur during the menstrual cycle; the conditions termed as Menstrual cycle disorders. It includes:
Abnormal genital tract bleeding, Amenorrhea, PMS, Menstrual cramps etc…
Abnormal genital tract bleeding
There are number of types of bleeding patterns in abnormal genital tract bleeding includes,
spotting in menstrual periods,
excessive menstrual bleeding,
periods that last more than a week,
menstrual cycles < 21 days or > 35 days period,
and periods that occur too often, as well as the absence of menstruation.
Causes
hormonal imbalances, leiomyomas or uterine fibroid tumors, structural abnormalities of the uterus, and other medical conditions.
Amenorrhoea
Amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
Primary amenorrhoea (menstruation cycles never starting) may be caused by developmental problems such as the congenital absence of the uterus, or failure of the ovary to receive or maintain egg cells.
Secondary amenorrhoea (menstruation cycles ceasing) is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, from premature menopause or intrauterine scar formation.
Cause
Hypothalamic or Athletic Amenorrhoea
Women who go through significant weight loss, dieting, or perform considerable amounts of exercise on a regular basis are at risk of developing hypothalamic amenorrhoea.
A second serious risk factor of amenorrhoea is severe bone loss sometimes resulting in osteoporosis and osteopenia.
Drug-induced
Certain medications, particularly contraceptive medications, can induce amenorrhoea in a healthy woman. The lack of menstruation usually begins shortly after beginning the medication and can take up to a year to resume after stopping a medication. Hormonal contraceptives that contain only progestogen like the oral contraceptive Micronor, and especially higher-dose formulations like the injectable Depo Provera commonly induce this side-effect.
Treatments
Treatments vary based on the underlying condition. Key issues are problems of surgical correction if appropriate and oestrogen therapy if oestrogen levels are low.
PMS
Premenstrual syndrome is diagnosed when certain physical or behavioral symptoms occur during the week or so before menstruation occurs.
Causes
The exact causes of PMS are not fully understood. While PMS is linked to the luteal phase, measurements of sex hormone levels are within normal levels.
Dysmenorrhea is often defined simply as menstrual pain, or at least menstrual pain that is excessive.
Menstrual pain is often used synonymously with menstrual cramps, but the latter may also refer to menstrual uterine contractions, which are generally of higher strength, duration and frequency than in the rest of the menstrual cycle.
Dysmenorrhea can feature different kinds of pain, including sharp, throbbing, dull, nauseating, burning, or shooting pain. Dysmenorrhea may precede menstruation by several days or may accompany it, and it usually subsides as menstruation tapers off. Dysmenorrhea may coexist with excessively heavy blood loss, known as menorrhagia.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when symptoms are attributable to an underlying disease, disorder, or structural abnormality either within or outside the uterus. Primary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when none of these is detected.
MANAGEMENT
NSAIDs
NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in relieving the pain of primary dysmenorrhea. They can have side effects of nausea, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, and diarrhoea. People who are unable to take the more common NSAIDs, may be prescribed a COX-2 inhibitor.
Hormonal contraceptives
Although use of hormonal contraception can improve or relieve symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, a 2001 systematic review found that no conclusions can be made about the efficacy of commonly used modern lower dose combined oral contraceptive pills for primary dysmenorrhea. Norplant and Depo-provera are also effective, since these methods often induce amenorrhea. The IntraUterine System (Mirena IUD) has been cited as useful in reducing symptoms of dysmenorrhea.
Alternative medicine
A number of alternative therapies have been studied in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. The effectiveness of acupressure, behavioral interventions, thiamine, vitamine E, topical heat, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is likely while the effects of acupunture, fish oil, magnets and vitamin B12 is unknown. Spinal manipulation is unlikely to be helpful.
Chinese herbal medicine and primary dysmenorrheal:
A 2008 systematic review found promising evidence for Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea, but that the evidence was limited by its poor methodological quality.
Behavioral therapies assume that the physiological process underlying dysmenorrhea is influenced by environmental and psychological factors, and that dysmenorrhea can be effectively treated by physical and cognitive procedures that focus on coping strategies for the symptoms rather than on changes to the underlying processes.
Acupuncture and acupressure on dysmenorrhea
Acupuncture and acupressure are used to treat dysmenorrhea. A review cited four studies, two of which were patient-blind, indicating that acupuncture and acupressure were effective. This review stated that the treatments appear "promising" for dysmenorrhea, and that the researchers considered further studies to be justified. Another study indicated that acupuncture "reduced the subjective perception of dysmenorrhea", still another indicated that adding acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea was associated with improvements in pain and quality of life.
Yoga for menstrual disorders
Svastikasana
Virasana
Padmasana
Gomukhasana
Paschimothansana
Baddha-konaasana
Relieves menstrual discomfort and sciatica also helps relieve the symptoms of menopause. More on Yoga for menstrual disorders
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